Escala de avaliação do uso de fraldas e absorventes: estudo metodológico / Evaluation scale for the use of adult diapers and absorbent products': methodological study / Escala de evaluación del uso de pañales y absorbentes: estudio metodológico

OBJETIVO: Validar o conteúdo da escala de avaliação do uso de fraldas e produtos absorventes (Escala AUFA) por idosos na atenção primária. MÉTODO: Estudo metodológico de validação de conteúdo com 23 especialistas em enfermagem gerontológica ou feridas pela avaliação do nome e itens da escala. A análise dos dados ocorreu por meio de índice de validação de conteúdo (IVC) e coeficiente de validação de conteúdo (CVC), percentual de concordo totalmente e concordância pelo Alfa de Cronbach, com o mínimo de 0,80 cada. RESULTADOS: Os IVC e CVC gerais foram de, respectivamente, 0,91 e 0,89. Entretanto, os percentuais de concordo completamente e Alfa de Cronbach foram de, respectivamente, 0,65 e 0,51. Após três envios e modificações da escala, a avaliação foi de 0,95 e 0,85. DISCUSSÃO: Os juízes contribuíram para o conteúdo da escala, principalmente quanto ao número de trocas CONCLUSÃO: Após as análises e sugestões dos juízes, o conteúdo foi refinado e validado.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the content of the 'Evaluation Scale for the Use of Adult Diapers and Absorbent Products' (AUFA Scale) among elderly patients in primary care. METHOD: Methodological study for validation of contente with 23 specialists in gerontological nursing and/or wounds for evaluating the name and the items of the scale. The analysis of the data was done according to the Index of Validation of Content (IVC) and the Coefficient of Validation of Content (CVC), the 'Fully Agree" percentage and the compliance to 'Cronbach's Alpha', with a minimum score of 0,80 for each. RESULTS: The general IVC and CVC were 0,91 and 0,89, respectively. However, the 'Fully Agree' and 'Cronbach's Alpha' percentages were 0,65 and 0,51, respectively. After three 3 submissions and modifications of the scale, the scores changed to 0,95 and 0,85. DISCUSSION: Judges contributed to the content of the scale, especially regarding the number of absorbent product changes CONCLUSION: After taking into account the analyses and suggetions made by the judges, the content was refined and considered validated.

OBJETIVO: Validar el contenido de la escala de evaluación para el uso de pañales y productos absorbentes (Escala AUFA) en ancianos en atención primaria. MÉTODO: Estudio metodológico de validación de contenido con 23 especialistas en enfermería gerontológica y/o heridas para la evaluación del nombre y de los ítems de la escala. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el Índice de Validación de Contenido (IVC) y el Coeficiente de Validación de Contenido (CVC), así como del porcentaje de la respuesta 'Totalmente de acuerdo' y del 'Alfa de Cronbach', con un puntaje mínimo de 0.80 para cada uno.RESULTADOS: Los IVC y CVC generales fueron de 0.91 y 0.89, respectivamente. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de 'Totalmente de acuerdo' y del 'Alfa de Cronbach' fue de 0.65 y 0.51, respectivamente. Después de 3 presentaciones y modificaciones de la escala, la evaluación fue de 0.95 y 0.85. DISCUSIÓN: Los jueces contribuyeron al contenido de la escala, principalmente en cuanto al número de cambios. CONCLUSIÓN: Luego del análisis y de las sugerencias de los jueces, el contenido se refino el contenido hasta considerarlo validado.

Safety evaluation of recycling process used to produce recycled pulp for adult paper diapers.

Eight contaminants were used to perform a surrogate contamination test to evaluate safety of the process for producing recycled pulp for adult paper diapers. We performed a safety evaluation of the recycling process for producing recycled pulp following the European Food Safety Authority safety assessment for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles using recycled PET. We also compared the first tier safety limit established on the basis of TTC (Climit) in the pulp that contained recycled pulp with residual contaminant concentrations (Cres). If Climit > Cres, there is no concern regarding safety of the recycling process. Climit was determined to be 0.46 mg/kg-pulp based on the human exposure threshold of 0.15 µg/person/day using the scenario in which a bedridden senior citizen uses four adult paper diapers manufactured with pulp containing 10% recycled pulp per day. Cres was derived from the initial concentration in used pulp (0.17 mg/kg-pulp), and decontamination rate was obtained from the surrogate contamination test. The Cres of the eight contaminants were between 0.0017 and 0.10 mg/kg-pulp, which were all below the Climit of 0.46 mg/kg-pulp. These results indicated there was no safety problem regarding this process for producing recycled pulp for adult paper diapers.

Fatores de risco para a perda da integridade de pele: aspectos da microbiota inguinal em idosas em uso de fraldas / Risk factors for loss of skin integrity: aspects of inguinal microbiota in elderly women using diapers / Factores de riesgo para la pérdida de la integridad cutánea: aspectos de la microbiota inguinal en ancianas que utilizan pañales

Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco para a perda da integridade da pele associada a alterações da microbiota da região inguinal em idosas em uso de fraldas. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado de novembro a dezembro de 2018. Informa-se que a amostra foi de 16 idosas, com idades entre 69 e 93 anos, em uso contínuo de fraldas. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de um formulário. Utilizou-se o aparelho Skin Analyser Digital para a avaliação das condições da pele. Organizaram-se os dados pelo softwareStatistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0. Aprovou-se o estudo com o número de Parecer 1.600.818 e CAAE 54617616.6.0000.5534. Resultados:apuraram-se os resultados relacionadosà mobilidade das idosas eà população feminina cadeirante (50%), acamada (37,5%) e deambulando com auxílio (12,5%). Observaram-se, quanto ao aspecto da pele na região da fralda, a pele hiperemiada (81,25%), com hiperpigmentação (12,5%) e a perda de epiderme (6,25%). Percebeu-se que a "pele oleosa" (43,75%) apresentou elasticidade ruim, seguida pela "pele seca" (12,5%), "pele mista" (18,75%) e "pele adequada" (25%). Conclusão:tornaram-se possíveis a observação da prática de cuidados relacionados ao uso de fraldas e a identificação de fatores de risco que envolvem a perda da integridade de pele associada a alterações da microbiota de idosas.(AU)

Objective: to identify the risk factors for loss of skin integrity associated with changes in the microbiota of the inguinal region in elderly women using diapers. Method: this is a cross-sectional study conducted from November to December 2018. It is informed that the sample consisted of 16 elderly women, aged between 69 and 93 years, in continuous use of diapers. The data was collected by means of a form. A Digital Skin Analyser device was used to assess skin conditions. The data were organized using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0. The study was approved with Opinion number 1.600.818 and CAAE 54617616.6.0000.5534. Results: the results related to the mobility of the elderly women and the female population were found to be wheelchair users (50%), bedridden (37.5%) and walking with assistance (12.5%). Regarding the aspect of the skin in the diaper area, hyperemic skin (81.25%), with hyperpigmentation (12.5%) and loss of epidermis (6.25%) were observed. It was noticed that "oily skin" (43.75%) presented bad elasticity, followed by "dry skin" (12.5%), "mixed skin" (18.75%) and "adequate skin" (25%). Conclusion: the observation of the practice of care related to the use of diapers and the identification of risk factors involving the loss of skin integrity associated with changes in the microbiota of elderly women became possible.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo para la pérdida de integridad cutánea asociados a cambios de la microbiota de la región inguinal en ancianas que usan pañales. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal realizado de noviembre a diciembre de 2018. Se informa que la muestra fue de 16 ancianas, con edades entre 69 y 93 años, en uso continuo de pañales. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un formulario. El dispositivo Skin Analyzer Digital se utilizó para evaluar las condiciones de la piel. Los datos se organizaron mediante el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 20.0. El estudio fue aprobado a través del número 1.600.818 y CAAE 54617616.6.0000.5534. Resultados: los resultados se encontraron relacionados con la movilidad de las ancianas y la población femenina en silla de ruedas (50%), encamadas (37,5%) y caminar con asistencia (12,5%). En cuanto al aspecto de la piel en la región del pañal, se observó piel hiperémica (81,25%), con hiperpigmentación (12,5%) y pérdida de epidermis (6,25%). Se notó que la "piel grasosa" (43,75%) tenía poca elasticidad, seguida de "piel seca" (12,5%), "piel mixta" (18,75%) y "piel adecuada" (25%). Conclusión: se pudo observar la práctica de cuidados relacionados con el uso de pañales e identificar factores de riesgo que involucran la pérdida de la integridad de la piel asociada a cambios en la microbiota de las mujeres mayores.(AU)

"N95/N99" peri-procedure diapers during lower gastrointestinal endoscopies.

It is important to consider lower gastrointestinal endoscopies (LGIE) as aerosol-generating procedures. Thus, it may be better to protect room environments by ensuring patients wearing peri-procedure diapers (PPD) to contain infectious colorectal gas expulsions because fecal SARS-CoV-2 has been detected among COVID-19 patients even after they have undetectable nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2. Summarily, PPD among LGIE patients can potentially evolve as standard barrier modality.

Adjustable bulbourethral male sling: Experience after 30 cases of moderate to severe male stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience using the Argus perineal sling from July 2015 to April 2018 for male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after prostatic surgery. To evaluate the safety, efficacy and healthrelated quality of life in patients undergoing this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The positioning of an adjustable bulbourethral male sling provides a perineal incision, exposure of the bulbospongiosus muscle and the application of the sling bearing on it with transobturator passage of the two extremities with out-in technique. To modulate the bearing tension on the urethra, with a rigid cystoscope the Retrogade Leak Point Pressure is measured, increasing it by 10-15 cm of H20 from baseline. We retrospectively evaluated the results of this implant performed by the same operator on 30 patients who presented post-operative SUI from medium to severe (> = 2 pads/day, pad test at one hour > = 11 g). Mean operative time and possible intra and postoperative complications were evaluated. Postoperatively each patient was reassessed according to the following parameters: number of pads consumed/ die, pad tesy at one hour, ICQS-F, any related side effects. RESULTS: After the intervention, 21 of 30 patients (70% of the total) were totally continent (< 1 pad / day, pad test at 1 h < 1-2 g, ICQS-F < 11), out of them 4 required a single adjustment at 3 months in order to achieve this result. 9 of 30 patients (30 %) achieved a clinically significant improvement without obtaining total continence (mean reduction of the n° pads/day: -2.5 ± 1 DS; average reduction of the pad test at 1 h: -20 g ± 4 DS; ICQS-F average reduction: -6 points ± 2 DS), out of them 5 required a 3 month adjustment to obtain these improvements resulting, 4 needed 2 adjustments resulting because the first adjustment was not satisfactory and one who ameliorated from severe to moderate incontinence decided to live in this clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that the positioning of this sling represents a valid treatment for the moderate and severe post-surgical male SUI. The possibility of adjusting the tension of the sleeve in a "second look" makes the intervention adaptable according to the results obtained. Only multicentric clinical trials on larger series would clarify and eventually confirm the clinical benefits of this sling in post-surgical male SUI.

Prospective trial for the clinical efficacy of anogenital skin care with miconazole nitrate-containing soap for diaper candidiasis.

Anogenital skin care for the elderly remains an umbrella term concerning protective and non-interventional regimens, particularly for ordinary diaper users. Our recent investigation has demonstrated the preventive effect of daily anogenital washing with miconazole nitrate-containing soap to the development of diaper candidiasis. We extended this work to cover our hypothesis as to whether the miconazole soap has a therapeutic benefit in genital candidiasis. The study outline includes: (i) the enrollment of 21 bedridden inpatients (84 ± 9 years; eight men and 13 women) who were diagnosed clinically and mycologically with genital candidiasis, and who had never received topical and/or systemic antifungal agents; (ii) administration of anogenital washing with 0.75% miconazole-containing soap once daily for 4 weeks; and (iii) assessment of clinical symptoms and detection of Candida materials by culture and microscopic examination. As assessed by clinical symptom scoring for incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), the ratio of patients with severe to moderate symptoms dramatically decreased by 2 weeks and 10 of 21 patients became symptom-free at 4 weeks. The IAD clinical severity score was significantly decreased at 4 weeks. Compared with the baseline positivity, both microscopic and cultured Candida-positive rates were significantly decreased at 4 weeks after washing. All culture-detected fungi were Candida albicans. Severe adverse events did not occur in all participants. Individual medical and risk factors had no significant correlation with clinical severity and duration of candidiasis on variance analysis. In conclusion, topical washing with miconazole soap is a safe and reliable non-medical approach for soothing diaper-associated genital candidiasis in bedridden inpatients in whom it is difficult to perform prompt medical examination.

A Cost Analysis of Icon Reusable Underwear Versus Disposable Pads for Mild to Moderate Urinary Incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform a cost analysis assessing the economic feasibility of reusable underwear as alternative for disposable pads for women with mild to moderate urinary incontinence. METHODS: A consumer-perspective cost analysis was performed with the following assumptions: (1) consumers have mild to moderate urinary incontinence and use 2 pads per day (PPD); (2) consumers have a 2-week supply of underwear; (3) there is no difference in laundering cost between 2 incontinence options; (4) there is no difference in use of labor/other accessories of care; (5) there is no difference in skin complaints/associated cost; (6) cost of products are nonfluctuant with time; and (7) all incontinence products were purchased online. Sensitivity analyses were performed varying the longevity of underwear, price of regular underwear, price of pads, pads used per day, and shipping and handling. RESULTS: The total cost of disposable pads with regular underwear was US $392.40, whereas the cost of Icon underwear was US $380.80 over the course of 2 years. Icon costs less than using regular underwear with disposable pads as long as the cost of the regular underwear is at least US $2.17. Icon is economically inferior if the cost per pad is US $0.15 when using 3 PPD or if the cost per pad is US $0.24 when using less than 2 PPD. CONCLUSIONS: Reusable incontinence underwear can be an economically feasible alternative to disposable pads for light to moderate urinary incontinence after 2 years of use assuming underwear has a 2-year longevity and the consumer is using 2 PPD with regular underwear.

Presentation and Management Patterns of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Adults Due to Rare Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the urologic sequalae of several rare congenital neuromuscular diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records at Gillette Specialty Healthcare (2014-2018) of patients presenting to urology clinic with lower urinary tract symptoms and select rare congenital diseases: muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and Rett syndrome. RESULTS: Muscular dystrophies (n = 19) are X-linked myogenic disorders characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Men present to the urologist at variable ages, typically with complaints of functional incontinence and normal cystometrograms; we manage them with oral anticholinergic medications, condom catheter, or suprapubic catheter. Spinal muscular atrophy (n = 6) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and motor nuclei in the lower brainstem leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Patients typically present with nephrolithiasis and urinary retention in late adolescence/early adulthood, but timing varies. Filling cystometrograms have been normal. We allow passive retention with intermittent catheterization and creation of catheterizable channels, when indicated. Rett syndrome (n = 5) is a rare, noninheritable genetic condition affecting females characterized by a brief period of normal development followed by loss of speech and purposeful hand use; there are characteristic behaviors. Patients present in early adulthood with complaints of urinary retention. We manage retention with permissive retention or sphincter chemodenervation. CONCLUSION: Several congenital neuromuscular conditions can cause lower urinary tract symptoms when these individuals become adults. We have discussed the clinical characteristics and management of select neurogenic and myogenic bladder conditions seen in adults with congenital conditions.

The impact of the absorbent products distribution system on family caregivers of older people with incontinence in Italy: perception of the support received.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence is a chronic, age-related disorder, likely to increase in the future due to global population ageing. In Italy, as in most countries, older people with incontinence are often cared for by family caregivers, whose burden might be worsened by the perception of receiving an inadequate support, due to the lack of customized services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the absorbent products distribution method on family caregivers' perception of the support received. METHODS: The study compared the distribution of pads to homes and in pharmacy via a survey reaching 101 family caregivers of older people with incontinence living in two geographical areas of the Marche Region (Central Italy) with different distribution systems. The association between "Quality of perceived support" (the outcome variable) and two types of absorbent products delivery methods (i.e. pharmacy and home distribution) was analysed by means of a general linear model. RESULTS: Findings show that family caregivers receiving pads at home (HODs) perceived a higher support than those gaining them at the pharmacy (PHADs) (respectively 68.1% vs 35%). The association between perceived support level and distribution system remained even after correction for confounding factors. 70.2% of PHADs reported "Poor well-being", versus only 53.7% of HODs. The latter are more satisfied with the type of products distribution and thus less inclined to experiment different systems for the supply of products for the urinary continence (e.g. by voucher). The results are virtually reversed among PHADs and the difference is statistically significant (p <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: When family caregivers feel supported by a more customized service delivery system, their perception of the care-related burden is mitigated. Thus, it is important to consider the needs of both family caregivers and cared for older people, and not only of the latter for designing a more suitable distribution of absorbent products. The best solution could be leaving end-users the freedom to choose how they want to get products (e.g. voucher or personal budget). This requires a reorganization of the current pads delivery systems adopted by the Marche and by other Italian Regional Health Systems.

Clinical and urodynamic impact of detrusor overactivity in women with overactive bladder. / Repercusión clínica y urodinámica de la presencia de hiperactividad del detrusor en mujeres con vejiga hiperactiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and urodynamic differences (associated with the presence or absence of detrusor overactivity [DO]) in women with overactive bladder (OAB) referred to Functional Urology and Urodynamic Units in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, multicenter and prospective study conducted in Spain in women with clinical diagnosis of OAB, who had been referred to urodynamic study (UDS) of which centralized reading was performed. Patients completed the 3-day voiding diary (DM3d) with the PPIUS scale (Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale), the B-SAQ (Bladder Self-Assessment Questionnaire) and the OABq-SF (Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form). The questionnaires and UDS variables of women with OAV, with or without DO, were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables) and the chi-square test (χ2) (categorical variables). RESULTS: A total of 247 women with OAB were evaluated, and 103 of them had DO. According to the presence or absence of DO, significant differences were observed in the number of episodes of urge urinary incontinence (UUI), urinary frequency, nocturia, mean micturition volume and number of pads (P<.05 for all comparisons). A higher percentage of patients with OAB and DO presented reduced bladder capacity, urgency, urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and lower volume for first voiding desire, strong desire to void and maximum cystomanometric capacity in UDS compared with patients without DO (P<.05 for all comparisons). The only significant differences between both groups were regarding the B-SAQ symptoms scale (P=.011). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of DO in women with OAB is related to a more severe alteration of the bladder filling phase.

Smart diapers for nursing home residents with dementia: a pilot study.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the use of an experimental smart diaper as an indicator of saturation for diaper change in persons with dementia living in nursing homes. Methods: A multicenter prospective study was conducted in 3 nursing homes amongst 18 residents with dementia. For each resident, a frequency-volume urine chart (FVUC) was kept for 24 h including voided volume and diaper weights, wearing smart diapers. A comparative study was set up between results obtained by smart diapers and data registered in FVUCs. Results: Analysis based on quantification of the agreement between saturation calculated by smart diaper and determined by FVUC indicates that measurements reported by sensor do not correspond with measurements based on FVUC. For the regular diaper, the saturation measured by sensor may be 26% below or 39% above saturation based on FVUC and for the super diaper, respectively, 34% below or 30% above. Discussion: This study indicates that the sensor detects and notifies wetness but is not sensitive enough for using it as an indicator for diaper change in people with severe dementia.

Instrumentos de avaliação dos eventos adversos associados ao uso de fraldas geriátricas / Instruments for assessing adverse events associated with the use of geriatric diapers

Objetivo: analisar instrumentos de avaliação dos eventos adversos associados ao uso de fraldas geriátricas. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL e EMBASE, com publicações em português, inglês e espanhol. Na análise dos dados, a categorização ocorreu pela identificação dos eventos adversos e instrumentos de rastreio. Resultados: das 19 publicações, identificaram-se como eventos adversos e respectivos instrumentos: déficit motor/índice de Barthel; incontinência/Kings's Health Questionnaire e International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form; umidade da pele/Transepidermal Water Loss; qualidade de vida/Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; dermatite associada à incontinência/Escala de Avaliação Perineal de Nix. Conclusão: foram analisados instrumentos que avaliaram os eventos adversos associados ao uso de fraldas que podem ser potencialmente utilizados na prática de enfermagem. (AU)

Validação da escala de avaliação do uso de fraldas e absorventes em idosos na atenção primária / Validation of the evaluation scale of the use of diapers and absorbents in the elderly in primary care

A indicação da fralda como prática de cuidado exige da enfermagem uma tomada de decisão segura, visando redução de riscos ao paciente. A escala de avaliação de uso de fraldas e absorventes (Escala AUFA) é uma estratégia para embasar essa tomada de decisão. A partir disso, o presente estudo apresenta como objetivos: geral validar a Escala de avaliação de uso de fraldas e absorventes/AUFA em idosos na atenção primária; e específicos: analisar o conteúdo da escala de avaliação do uso de fraldas e absorventes com auxílio da avaliação de juízes; avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade, além da confiabilidade pela estabilidade, equivalência e homogeneidade da escala de avaliação de uso de fraldas e absorventes; e correlacionar a escala de avaliação do uso de fraldas e absorventes com a identificação do risco de dermatite associada a incontinência e com a indicação do uso de fraldas geriátricas. Para tanto, tem-se como método, um estudo metodológico composto por 3 fases: 1) validação de conteúdo com 23 juízes enfermeiros da área gerontológica e/ou dermatológica e análise pelos índice e coeficiente de validação de conteúdo(CVC), índice de validação de conteúdo (IVC), além da análise de concordância pelo Alfa de Cronbach e percentual de respostas concordo completamente; 2) validação de critério com a correlação com as escalas mini-exame do estado mental, Índice Katz, International Consulation Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-SF)e escala perineal de Nix. Além disso, para testar a equivalência da escala, com 2 enfermeiros aplicaram a em 41 pacientes; 3) validação de constructo com aplicação da escala em 192 idosos e análise fatorial. Como resultados, na fase 1, as variáveis preferências do paciente/cuidador, número de trocas, integridade da pele, envelhecimento da pele, capacidade cognitiva, capacidade motora e incontinência foram validadas e sustentaram o instrumento aplicado nas fases 2 e 3, com alto índice de validação de conteúdo global (97,8%) e alfa de Cronbach (0,85). Na fase 2, foi identificada correlação com a International Consulation Incontinence Short Form (0.88) e Escala Perineal de Nix (0,71). A análise da equivalência avaliou que não há diferença significativa entre os escores AUFA dos dois avaliadores. Há associação da escala AUFA com o risco de dermatite associada a incontinência com escores iguais ou maiores a 17 pontos. Além disso, há associação com a indicação do uso de fraldas: escores inferiores a 11 não são indicados o uso de produtos absorventes; iguais ou acima de 11 e inferiores a 14 sugerem absorventes, enquanto maiores ou iguais a 14 o uso de fraldas. Na fase 3, a análise fatorial demonstrou cargas fatoriais bem representativas, exceto no número de trocas e capacidade cognitiva. Entretanto, esta última foi mantida considerando a relevância clínica. As demais variáveis estão no nível ótimo, um valor acima de 0,70, com mínimo de 50% da variância total da variável está sendo explicado pelo fator à que pertence. Portanto, foi possível analisar o conteúdo, critérios e constructo da escala, bem como correlação, principalmente, com a escala (ICIQ-SF) e Escala Perineal de Nix com o risco de dermatite associada a incontinência e a indicação do uso de fraldas geriátricas da Escala AUFA

Diaper use indication as a care practice requires the nursing to make a safe decision, to reduce risks to the patient. Evaluation Scale of diapers and pads is a strategy to support this decision making. From this, the present study aims to: validate the Evaluation Scale of diapers and absorbents / AUFA in the older adults in primary care; analyze the content of the evaluation scale of the use of diapers and absorbents with the aid of judges' evaluation; to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity, besides the reliability for the stability, equivalence and homogeneity of the evaluation scale of use of diapers and absorbents; and to correlate the evaluation scale of the use of diapers and absorbents with the identification of the risk of incontinence associated dermatitis and with the indication of the use of geriatric diapers. To do so, we have as method, a methodological study composed of 3 phases: 1) validation of content with 23 nursing judges from the gerontological and / or dermatological area and analysis by content index validation coefficient (CVC), validation index of content (IVC), in addition to concordance analysis by Cronbach's Alpha and percentage of responses I agree completely; 2) criteria validation with correlation with the mini-examination of mental state, Katz Index, International Consulation Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and Nix perineal scale. In addition, to test the equivalence of the scale, with 2 nurses applied to in 41 patients; 3) construct validation with scale application in 192 elderly and factorial analysis. As results, in phase 1, patient preference / caregiver variables, number of changes, skin integrity, skin aging, cognitive ability, motor capacity and incontinence were validated and supported the instrument applied in phases 2 and 3, with high index validation of global content (97.8%) and Cronbach's alpha (0.85). In phase 2, a correlation was identified with the International Consulation Incontinence Short Form (0.88) and Nix Perineal Scale (0.71). The equivalence analysis evaluated that there is no significant difference between the AUFA scores of the two evaluators. There is an association between the AUFA scale and the risk of incontinence-associated dermatitis with scores equal to or greater than 17 points. In addition, there is an association with the indication of the use of diapers: scores below 11 do not indicate the use of absorbent products; equal to or above 11 and below 14 suggest absorbents, while greater than or equal to 14 use of diapers. In phase 3, the factorial analysis showed very representative factor loads, except for the number of exchanges and cognitive capacity. However, the latter was maintained considering the clinical relevance. The other variables are at the optimal level, a value above 0.70, with a minimum of 50% of the total variance of the variable being explained by the factor to which it belongs. Therefore, it was possible to analyze the content, criteria and construct of the scale, as well as correlation, mainly with the scale (ICIQ-SF) and Nix Perineal Scale with the risk of incontinence associated dermatitis and the indication of the use of geriatric diapers AUFA scale

Practice of use of diapers in hospitalized adults and elderly: cross-sectional study / Práctica del uso de pañales en adultos y ancianos hospitalizados: estudio transversal / Prática do uso de fraldas em adultos e idosos hospitalizados: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the practice of use of diapers in adults and elderly in hospital. Method: observational cross-sectional study, with a sample of 105 participants assigned according to the data collection period, from September 2013 to January 2014, in the surgical clinic wards in a University Hospital. Results: it was observed that 38% of the 105 participants of the study did not need the use of diapers. 18% used it because they were disabled and 16% had their cognitive system damaged. As they were hospitalized, it was identified that 51.4% of patients were there ranging from 02 to 10 days, and 60% used diapers for the same period. It is also identified that long term urinary catheter (24.8%), as technology associated to diapers in the urinary control and to pressure ulcers (12.4%), being the main complication. Conclusion: the use of diapers did not have specific criteria to be selected. For this, it was proposed an "Evaluation Scale of Diapers Use in Adults", as for indication as for its monitoring to help the study transposal for the nursing practice.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la práctica del uso de pañales en adultos y ancianos en el escenario hospitalario. Método: estudio del tipo observacional, transversal, con muestra por conveniencia de 105 participantes, asignados según el período de recolección de los datos de septiembre de 2013 a enero de 2014, en las enfermerías de clínica quirúrgica de un Hospital Universitario. Resultados: fue observado que el 38% de los 105 participantes del estudio no presentaban motivos para usar pañales. El 18% utilizado fue debido a la movilidad perjudicada y el 16% al cognitivo perjudicado. En el tiempo de la hospitalización, fue identificado que el 51,4% estaban hospitalizados de 02 a 10 días y el 60% utilizaban pañales por el mismo período. Además, identificase el catéter vesical de demora (24,8%) como tecnología asociada a los pañales en el control urinario y la úlcera por la presión (12,4%) como complicación principal. Conclusión: el uso de pañales se mostró con criterios inespecíficos en la selección de su uso. Por eso se propone una "Escala de evaluación del uso de los pañales para adultos" tanto para indicación como para su acompañamiento, para auxiliar en la transposición del estudio para la práctica de la enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prática do uso de fraldas em adultos e idosos no cenário hospitalar. Método: estudo do tipo observacional, transversal, com amostra por conveniência de 105 participantes, alocados segundo o período de coleta dos dados, de setembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, nas enfermarias de clínica cirúrgica de um Hospital Universitário. Resultados: observou-se que 38% dos 105 participantes do estudo não apresentavam motivos para usar fraldas. 18% utilizavam devido à mobilidade prejudicada e 16% por cognitivo prejudicado. No tempo de internação, identificou-se 51,4% dos pacientes estavam internados de 02 a 10 dias, e 60% utilizavam fraldas pelo mesmo período. Identifica-se ainda o cateter vesical de demora (24,8%), como tecnologia associada às fraldas no controle urinário e, a úlcera por pressão (12,4%), como complicação principal. Conclusão: o uso de fraldas se mostrou com critérios inespecíficos na seleção do seu uso. Por isso, propõe-se uma "Escala de Avaliação do Uso das Fraldas para Adultos" tanto para indicação, como para o seu acompanhamento, para auxiliar na transposição do estudo para a prática de enfermagem.

A Diaper Pad for Diaper-Based Urine Collection and Colorimetric Screening of Urinary Biomarkers.

The high prevalence of urinary tract infection in aging adults is a challenging aspect of geriatric care. Incontinence and cognitive/functional impairment make collection of urine samples difficult and often require either catheterization for sample collection, which is a risk factor for infections, or more lenient criteria for initiating antibiotic treatment. We report the development of a diaper inlay with absorbent materials, superabsorbent polymer-based valve and chemical reaction pads for rapid screening of urinary tract infection of incontinent diaper-wearing elderly receivers of home care services. The developed diaper inlay was capable of collecting, isolating, analyzing samples and retaining results > 8 h. The diaper inlay can therefore be compatible with the diaper changing routines of nurses in home care services, without requiring much time or effort. A nurse can insert a diaper inlay in a diaper and the results can be recorded during a later diaper change. Although the research focuses on tools for home care services, the nursing home sector has similar problems and may benefit from technological development for rapid screening to avoid unnecessary catheterization and overuse of antibiotics.

Practice of use of diapers in hospitalized adults and elderly: cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: analyze the practice of use of diapers in adults and elderly in hospital. METHOD: observational cross-sectional study, with a sample of 105 participants assigned according to the data collection period, from September 2013 to January 2014, in the surgical clinic wards in a University Hospital. RESULTS: it was observed that 38% of the 105 participants of the study did not need the use of diapers. 18% used it because they were disabled and 16% had their cognitive system damaged. As they were hospitalized, it was identified that 51.4% of patients were there ranging from 02 to 10 days, and 60% used diapers for the same period. It is also identified that long term urinary catheter (24.8%), as technology associated to diapers in the urinary control and to pressure ulcers (12.4%), being the main complication. CONCLUSION: the use of diapers did not have specific criteria to be selected. For this, it was proposed an "Evaluation Scale of Diapers Use in Adults", as for indication as for its monitoring to help the study transposal for the nursing practice.

Partner Knowledge and Involvement in Adult Baby/Diaper Lover Behavior.

Reported partner knowledge of and involvement in adult baby/diaper lover (ABDL) behavior were examined based on responses from 1,795 male and 139 female members of the ABDL community. Individuals in a relationship often divulge their ABDL interests early in dating. Some partners may try ABDL activity initially, but most are not involved. Involved nonpartners may be sanctioned ABDL friends. Nonpartners are usually not involved in ABDL practices because ABDL participants view this as infidelity. Individuals who have never been in a relationship may be working to reconcile their ABDL interests with building a romantic relationship.

Design and Fabrication of Smart Diapers with Antibacterial Yarn.

In this study, intelligent eco-diapers are made by combining antibacterial yarns coated with quaternary ammonium salts with conductive yarns to improve caretaking for urinary incontinence. The combination of conductive yarns and sensors can detect the moisture content in eco-diapers, and an alarm is sent when moisture is significant. A wireless module is used to send detected signals to a smartphone or tablet PC via the Internet. This concept is used for a scenario in which nurses do not randomly check on patients in a long-term care institution. When used offline, eco-diapers can send caregivers an alarm for the need to change diapers via cell phones. The diameters of the copper and silver-plated copper fibers are 0.08 and 0.10 mm, respectively. Cotton yarns are twisted with copper and silver-plated copper fibers to form the conductive yarns, which are 0.12 mm in diameter. Moreover, 30-count cotton and 150 D nylon yarns are coated with quaternary ammonium salt via dyeing and finishing processes to form antibacterial yarns. In the current study, intelligent eco-diapers are tested for their electrical and antibacterial properties as specified by AATC and JISL test standards.